Constructive Dismissal
If you are still employed, but are considering resigning because of treatment at work or the actions of your employer, please read this article carefully. We appreciate issues at work are very difficult to deal with and leaving may seem like your best option, but that is rarely the case. This is covered in more detail below.
We routinely help people that find themselves in a constructive dismissal situation and there are ways to make the best of a bad situation or fix the issues.
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If you need help with a settlement agreement, please contact Blair for a free and no-obligation discussion.
You can call on 0207 118 9218
Email at blair@blairtoner.com
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What is Constructive Dismissal?
Formally Constructive Unfair Dismissal, falls within the definition of a dismissal under section 95(1) of the Employment Rights Act 1996:
It is defined as arising where the employee terminates their employment contract, with or without notice, in circumstances in which they are entitled to terminate it without notice by reason of the employer’s conduct.
The key difference between “unfair dismissal” is that with constructive dismissal the employee resigns and with an unfair dismissal the employer dismisses the employee. In a constructive dismissal claim, the burden of proof is on the employee, in an unfair dismissal claim, the burden of proof is on the employer.
The phrase constructive dismissal is not referred to in statute (in this case the Employment Rights Act 1996) but is a colloquial label.
Constructive dismissal is a complex area and what is set out below is a brief introduction.
Who can claim Constructive Dismissal?
To be eligible to claim constructive dismissal:
- You must be an employee
- Have at least 2 years continuous service
- Unless one of the exceptions apply, known as automatically unfair dismissals.
When is there a Constructive Unfair Dismissal?
The following elements are needed to establish constructive dismissal.
(1) A fundamental breach of contract (also known as a repudiatory breach). This can be an actual or anticipatory breach” and can arise from a single act or a series of act. It must be sufficiently serious to justify the employee resigning. Some common examples are:
- Failure to pay.
- Failure to provide a safe working environment.
- Changes to your working terms and conditions.
- Not adequately dealing with a grievance.
- A demotion.
- Constant unfair criticism or demeaning behavior.
- Bullying or discriminating or turning a blind eye to this conduct.
(2) The employee must accept there was a breach and treat the contract as ended. The employee must resign in response to the breach.
(3) The employee must not delay too long or they may be deemed to have waived or “affirmed” the breach. The period of acceptable delay depends on the overall circumstances and nature of the alleged breach.
In summary, there must be a fundamental breach of contract, that causes an employee (with 2 years’ service, unless an exception applies) to resign, and they don’t delay too long before resigning.
What should I do if I think my employer has committed a fundamental breach of contract?
Don’t resign. Take advice. Act quickly.
This sounds counterintuitive, because to preserve the constructive unfair dismissal claim, you must resign and do so quickly. Taking too long to receive professional advice may not be sufficient to justify the delay in resigning.
However, (1) you need to make sure the employer’s conduct was serious enough to amount to a fundamental breach of contract and (2) even if it was, you are in a much better position to negotiate if you remain employed.
If you resign first, then take advice and obtain representation, it is still difficult to obtain compensation when the employee has left the business without first presenting a Tribunal claim (the main downside here (the Tribunal route), is it can take a long time (potentially years), and potentially lots of effort and money before you receive compensation – you may also lose the claim and be awarded nothing).
If you remain employed then take advice and obtain representation, you will (generally) be in a much stronger position to negotiate an exit, meaning you can obtain compensation quickly without the need (and associated risks) to present a Tribunal claim.
As said (although it bears repeating), you must act quickly, because if you wait too long, you run the risk of losing the constructive unfair dismissal claim (see above, if you wait too long, you may waive the fundamental breach of contract).
Are there any other Tips when potentially faced with a Constructive Dismissal?
- As said above, but worth repeating – don’t resign, take advice, do so quickly. There are potential ways to buy time so you can keep your options open, which can be explored if you take advice.
- Before taking advice, have your evidence ready.
- In terms of evidence, keep detailed notes/documentary evidence of the treatment that you think is a fundamental breach of contract, but don’t breach any internal rules/terms of your contract in the process (for example, forwarding emails from your work email to your personal email may seem like a good idea, but this may lead to disciplinary action).
- Decide if you want to stay employed or exit the business.
- If you want to stay, you can take advice / consider how best to resolve the issue.
- If you want to leave, you can take advice on how to exit on the best terms possible.
- If you are having issues at work, these articles may help you:
Contact Blair
If you need help with a settlement agreement, please contact Blair for a free and no-obligation discussion.
You can call on 0207 118 9218
Email at blair@blairtoner.com
Complete this FORM
Disclaimer
This blog is for information purposes only. Nothing should be relied upon as a substitute for legal advice and nothing written should be construed as legal advice or perceived as creating a lawyer-client relationship.
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"Blair Toner is an outstanding employment law resource. I have instructed him in every type of employment tribunal hearing and am always impressed by his level of preparation and service offered."
Chris Cook, Head of Employment, Partner“I have instructed Blair Toner in a wide range of employment matters. Having witnessed Blair in action at the employment tribunal, I have first-hand experience of his abilities and skills. His attention to detail and knowledge of the minutest details of the legislation is most impressive, and is what makes him stand out as one of the best advocates I have instructed.”
Aarti Jagpal, Solicitor“Blair represented us in an Employment Tribunal claim from start to finish, including acting as our Advocate at the Trial. At all times Blair was extremely reassuring and professional in guiding us through the process and ensuring that we presented our strongest case. It was great to work with him and he represented us excellently."
Kuhrt, Executive Director, West London Mission
